Gaining Polish citizenship can open the door to new opportunities in Europe, including freedom of movement, access to the EU job market, and social benefits. Whether you have Polish roots, have lived in Poland for several years, or are married to a Polish citizen, you may be eligible to apply. Understanding the legal grounds and required documentation is key to a successful application.

In this article, we explore the main pathways to Polish citizenship, who qualifies under each, and what you need to know before applying.

Citizenship by descent (Jus sanguinis)

One of the most common ways to obtain Polish citizenship is through descent—known as jus sanguinis. According to Polish law, citizenship is passed from parent to child, regardless of where the child was born.

Who qualifies:

• Individuals with at least one Polish parent or grandparent (and in some cases, great-grandparent) who did not renounce or lose Polish citizenship before the next generation was born.
• People who can prove their ancestors held Polish citizenship after 1920, when Poland regained independence.

This process is known as confirmation of Polish citizenship. It is not the same as applying for new citizenship—it’s a legal recognition that you are already a Polish citizen by birthright. More details on the confirmation process can be found at:  https://fivetoeurope.com/polish-citizenship-confirmation/

Citizenship by grant of the president of Poland

If you don’t qualify by descent, you can apply to the President of Poland for a grant of citizenship. This path is discretionary, meaning the President can approve or reject the application without explanation.

Who qualifies:

• Foreign nationals who have lived in Poland for several years, contributed to the community, and integrated culturally.
• Individuals with strong professional, economic, or social ties to Poland.
• Applicants who are married to Polish citizens, though marriage alone doesn’t guarantee approval.

This process requires submitting a detailed application, including justification for the request, supporting documents, and proof of integration.

Citizenship by recognition (for long-term residents)

A more structured path to citizenship exists for individuals who have lived in Poland for a significant period and meet specific conditions. This is called citizenship by recognition.

Who qualifies:

• Adults who have lived in Poland legally and continuously for:
  • 3 years with permanent residence, a stable income, and known Polish language skills, or
  • 2 years if married to a Polish citizen or stateless, or
  • 10 years in special circumstances.
• Minors born in Poland to non-citizen parents who meet certain conditions.

This process is regulated, not discretionary. Applicants must meet clearly defined criteria and provide extensive documentation.

Citizenship by naturalization through residence

This route is based on prolonged legal residence in Poland and a demonstrated commitment to the country.

Who qualifies:

Non-EU citizens who have:

• Lived in Poland for at least 10 years,
• Obtained a permanent residence permit or long-term EU resident status,
• Proven fluency in the Polish language,
• Shown a stable source of income and accommodation.

This pathway overlaps with the recognition process but is less commonly used, as many applicants choose to apply directly to the President or through the formal recognition route.

Citizenship by marriage

Being married to a Polish citizen does not automatically grant you citizenship. However, it can shorten the waiting period and support your application.

Conditions:

• You must be married for at least 3 years.
• You need to hold a permanent residence permit for at least 2 years.
• Proof of integration and Polish language skills is required.

This route can be used to apply via the recognition process or by presidential grant.

Important things to know before you apply

• Documentation is critical. Birth records, marriage certificates, residence permits, and proof of Polish ancestry must be accurate and translated into Polish by a certified translator.
• Language proficiency is often required, especially in recognition or naturalization pathways.
• Processing times can vary widely, from a few months to over a year, depending on the route and volume of applications.
• Legal advice is highly recommended to navigate complex cases, especially those involving family heritage or missing documentation.

Summary

Whether you are seeking Polish citizenship by descent, long-term residence, or presidential grant, there are clear legal pathways to follow. Each route has its own set of requirements, timelines, and documentation. If you believe you have a Polish ancestor or have been living in Poland and building your life there, you may already be eligible.

Don’t navigate the process alone — consulting an experienced advisor can save time and prevent mistakes.